The Origins of Daylight Savings Time 

The concept of adjusting clocks to make better use of daylight dates back to Benjamin Franklin, who proposed it in a satirical essay in 1784, suggesting that waking up earlier in the summer could reduce the need for candle usage in the evening. However, the modern idea of DST was first seriously suggested by New Zealand entomologist George Hudson in 1895 and later advocated by British builder William Willett in 1907. 

Germany became the first country to implement DST in 1916, during World War I, to conserve fuel by reducing the need for artificial lighting. Other nations, including the United States, followed suit shortly after. 

Why the U.S. Adopted Daylight Savings Time 

The United States first introduced daylight savings time in 1918 as a wartime measure to save energy. However, it was unpopular and was repealed after World War I. During World War II, DST was reinstated under President Franklin D. Roosevelt and remained in effect year-round as “War Time” from 1942 to 1945. 

After the war, DST became a patchwork system, with different states and localities observing different schedules. This led to confusion, especially for industries like transportation and broadcasting. To address this inconsistency, Congress passed the Uniform Time Act of 1966, standardizing DST across the country. The act established that DST would begin on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October. These dates have since been modified, with the current DST period running from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, as established by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. 

Who Doesn’t Observe Daylight Savings Time? 

Not all parts of the United States follow DST. The two main exceptions are: 

Hawaii: Due to its location near the equator, Hawaii experiences minimal variation in daylight throughout the year, making DST unnecessary.

Arizona: The Grand Canyon State opted out of DST in 1968, primarily due to its hot climate. Longer daylight hours in the evening would mean increased energy consumption for air conditioning. However, the Navajo Nation, which spans parts of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico, does observe DST, creating a unique time zone quirk within the state.

Additionally, some U.S. territories, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, do not observe DST. 

The Ongoing Debate Over Daylight Savings Time 

In recent years, there has been growing debate over whether DST should be abolished or made permanent. Critics argue that changing the clocks disrupts sleep patterns, affects health, and has questionable energy-saving benefits. In contrast, supporters claim it helps reduce accidents, promotes outdoor activities, and benefits businesses. 

In 2022, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed the Sunshine Protection Act, which aims to make daylight savings time permanent nationwide. However, the bill has yet to pass the House of Representatives and be signed into law. 

Conclusion 

Daylight savings time has a long and complicated history, with roots in energy conservation and wartime efficiency. While most of the U.S. observes it, a few states and territories have opted out. Whether DST remains a fixture of American life or eventually fades into history remains to be seen, but for now, twice a year, most Americans will continue the tradition of adjusting their clocks and debating its merits. 

The post The History of Daylight Savings Time in the U.S. appeared first on Maximum Weather Instruments.

What Is El Niño?

El Niño is characterized by the warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Typically, trade winds blow from east to west across the Pacific, pushing warm surface waters toward Asia, which allows cooler water to rise to the surface near the Americas. During El Niño, these trade winds weaken, and the warm water spreads eastward, leading to higher ocean temperatures off the coast of South America. This warming affects weather patterns not only in the Pacific region but also across the globe. 

In the U.S., El Niño usually brings wetter conditions to the southern part of the country, particularly during the winter months. States like California, Texas, and Florida often experience increased rainfall and a higher risk of flooding. On the other hand, El Niño typically leads to drier and warmer conditions in the northern part of the U.S., including the Pacific Northwest and parts of the Midwest. This phase can also reduce the frequency and intensity of Atlantic hurricanes due to increased wind shear in the Atlantic basin, which disrupts storm formation. 

(El Niño)

What Is La Niña?

La Niña, the opposite of El Niño, occurs when sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific cool below normal. During La Niña events, trade winds strengthen, pushing warm water farther west and allowing cooler waters to upwell along the South American coast. This cooling of the ocean surface alters atmospheric circulation patterns and causes significant changes in global weather. 

In the United States, La Niña typically leads to cooler and wetter conditions in the Pacific Northwest, as well as increased snowfall in northern states. The southern U.S., in contrast, experiences drier and warmer-than-average conditions during La Niña winters. This phase also tends to create favorable conditions for hurricane formation in the Atlantic, as the cooler Pacific waters contribute to weaker wind shear, allowing hurricanes to develop more easily and intensify. 

Key Differences Between El Niño and La Niña

Sea Surface Temperatures 

El Niño warms sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, while La Niña cools sea surface temperatures in the same region. 

Trade Winds 

El Niño weakens or reverses the normal easterly trade winds, causing warm water to shift eastward. Conversely, La Niña strengthens the trade winds, pushing warm water westward. 

Impact on Hurricanes 

El Niño reduces hurricane activity in the Atlantic due to increased wind shear in the Atlantic Basin, while La Niña increases the likelihood of hurricanes by reducing that wind shear. 

The Science Behind El Niño and La Niña

While the terms El Niño and La Niña are commonly used to describe shifts in weather patterns, they are fundamentally tied to complex atmospheric and oceanic interactions. These phenomena are a part of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, a natural fluctuation in the Earth’s climate system that occurs over a period of three to seven years. ENSO consists of three phases: neutral, El Niño, and La Niña. The shift between these phases is driven by changes in the sea surface temperatures of the Pacific Ocean and the winds that influence them.

Understanding the mechanisms behind these phases can help us better predict their effects on the environment. During an El Niño event, the reduction in trade winds disrupts the typical oceanic and atmospheric conditions, allowing warm waters to spread across the Pacific. This in turn alters atmospheric pressure systems, including the location and movement of the jet stream. Conversely, La Niña events occur when the trade winds intensify, further pushing warm water westward and leading to the cooling of the central Pacific Ocean. This atmospheric disruption causes a series of atmospheric changes that have global weather repercussions.

How Ocean Temperatures Influence the Jet Stream

The shift in ocean temperatures during both El Niño and La Niña events has a significant impact on the jet stream, which in turn influences weather patterns across North America. During El Niño, the warmer waters cause the jet stream to dip southward, pulling wetter, stormier air into southern U.S. states, while pushing the northern regions into a drier, milder pattern. In La Niña, the cooler ocean temperatures push the jet stream northward, contributing to a drier and warmer southern U.S. but wetter conditions further north.

Preparing for the Impacts of El Niño and La Niña

Understanding the specific impacts of El Niño and La Niña can help communities better prepare for the potential weather changes each phase brings. Since these events can often bring extreme weather, it is important for residents, especially in high-risk areas, to take precautions before severe conditions strike.

Preparing for El Niño-Related Flooding

During El Niño, the increased rainfall and storms can lead to severe flooding in places like California, Texas, and Florida. Homeowners in flood-prone areas should consider investing in flood insurance and preparing homes with storm-resistant infrastructure. This includes securing roof structures, installing sump pumps, and ensuring that drainage systems are clear to handle the influx of rainwater. Communities in these regions may also want to reinforce flood barriers and stockpile emergency supplies to be ready for potential evacuations.

Planning for La Niña’s Cold and Snowy Winters

On the other hand, La Niña’s impacts on the Pacific Northwest and Midwest U.S. bring colder temperatures and increased snowfall. In these areas, residents should prepare for harsh winter conditions by winterizing homes, ensuring proper insulation, and stocking up on emergency heating supplies.

For those with boats in regions impacted by La Niña’s colder weather, winterizing your boat is an essential step. Just as homes need to be insulated, boats require proper care to protect them from freezing temperatures. This includes draining water systems, adding antifreeze to the engine, and covering the boat to prevent damage from snow or ice. Winterizing your boat not only ensures its longevity but also protects it from costly repairs come spring.

How El Niño & La Niña Affect Weather in the United States

El Niño has a profound effect on weather patterns in the U.S., particularly during the winter months. One of the most significant impacts is the shift in the jet stream, a fast-moving air current that influences weather systems. During El Niño, the jet stream tends to move farther south, bringing stormier and wetter conditions to the southern U.S., while the northern U.S. often experiences drier and milder weather. 

La Niña, being the opposite phase of ENSO, has an opposite affect on weather in the U.S. The strengthening of the trade winds pushes the jet stream farther north, altering the distribution of precipitation and temperature patterns across the country. 

California and the southwestern U.S. typically see more frequent and intense rainstorms during El Niño events than during La Niña. This increased precipitation can help alleviate drought conditions but also raises the risk of flooding, landslides, and other weather-related hazards. 

States like Florida and the Gulf Coast region may also experience wetter-than-average conditions during El Niño events. However, the same effect that brings more rain also tends to suppress Atlantic hurricane activity. 

La Niña events typically bring wetter and cooler conditions to the Pacific Northwest and Midwest, which can lead to flooding in some areas while colder areas will experience increased snowfall and harsher winters.  

(La Niña)

Long-Term Impacts of El Niño and La Niña

Beyond the immediate weather disruptions, both El Niño and La Niña have lasting effects on ecosystems, agriculture, and economies. These weather events can create long-term droughts or lead to the depletion of water resources, which may affect farming and water supplies for years to come.

Impact on Agriculture and Water Resources

El Niño can exacerbate drought conditions in the northern U.S. and parts of South America, reducing agricultural productivity. In contrast, La Niña can lead to excessive rainfall in certain regions, creating flooding that damages crops and disrupts food supplies. The shifting availability of fresh water can also impact irrigation systems and increase competition for water resources, especially in areas reliant on snowpack from the Rockies or Sierra Nevada. Farmers may need to adapt by diversifying crops or using more efficient irrigation systems to deal with these fluctuations.

Conclusion 

El Niño and La Niña are powerful climate phenomena that have far-reaching impacts on global and U.S. weather patterns. While they represent opposite phases of the ENSO cycle, both have the ability to influence precipitation, temperatures, and storm activity in significant ways. These fluctuations are essential for meteorologists to monitor, as they help predict seasonal weather changes and prepare for potential impacts such as flooding, droughts, and hurricanes. Understanding these patterns can help communities plan for the year ahead and mitigate weather-related risks. 

The post El Niño vs. La Niña: Key Differences & Impact on U.S. Weather appeared first on Maximum Weather Instruments.

How Does a Tropical Cyclone Form?

The process begins with warm ocean waters, typically with temperatures above 79°F. The warmth of the ocean is what provides the energy for a cyclone to develop, which is why the vast majority of them originate in the tropics and near the equator, where the ocean temperature is warmest. As the water evaporates, it creates warm, humid air that begins to rise and eventually condenses to form clouds. The condensation then releases latent heat, which further warms the air, causing it to rise even more rapidly.

As the warm air continues to rise, it creates a low-pressure area at the surface. Surrounding air rushes in to fill this low-pressure void, strengthening the windspeeds. For the system to develop into a cyclone, the Coriolis effect, due to the rotation of the earth, causes it to start spinning, which helps to organize the storm. As it strengthens, it develops a well-defined center of rotation, otherwise known as the eye of the storm. A ring of intense thunderstorms, called the eyewall, surround the eye and branch outwards, creating the characteristic spiral shape of a tropical cyclone.

Tropical Depression

A tropical depression is the least intense stage of a tropical cyclone. When a low-pressure area gathers thunderstorms with an organized circulation pattern that persists for at least 24 hours, it is categorized as a tropical depression. The primary characteristic of a tropical depression is sustained maximum winds of up to 38 miles per hour. These systems are typically smaller in size than tropical storms or hurricanes, with a diameter ranging from 100 to 300 miles. Despite their relatively low wind speeds, tropical depressions can still result in heavy rains and localized flooding, leading to infrastructure damage. For the most part, however, they are not very dangerous storms.

Tropical Storms

If a tropical depression gains enough strength, it can progress into a tropical storm. The defining factor for this transition is the establishment of the circular thunderstorm pattern accompanied by maximum sustained winds between 39 and 73 mph. At this stage, the tropical storm starts to develop a more defined structure, with more organized bands of thunderstorms rotating around the center. These bands can extend outward for several hundred miles, potentially affecting a much larger area than a tropical depression. Once a tropical depression becomes a tropical storm, the system often gets named for the purposes of tracking it meteorologically and historically. Tropical storms can last several days or even weeks and can cause significant amounts of damage to homes and infrastructure via strong winds as well as flooding from heavy rains or storm surges.

Hurricanes

Finally, a hurricane represents the most powerful and dangerous stage of a tropical cyclone. Hurricanes are characterized by maximum sustained winds of 74 mph or greater. They also possess a well-defined eye, which is a relatively calm area at the center of the storm, and the eyewall surrounding it is often where the strongest winds and heaviest rainfall occur. Hurricanes can reach enormous sizes, with diameters exceeding 600 miles. They last for several days or even weeks, and their potential impact can be devastating due to their wind speed, storm surge, heavy rainfall, and even the potential for spawning tornadoes.

Hurricanes are broken into five categories based on the intensity of the sustained wind, with a Category 1 being the weakest and Category 5 being the strongest. Hurricanes in Category 3 and higher are considered major hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage. Though Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous and require preventative measures, Categories 3 and higher are almost certain to cause catastrophic damage to buildings, homes and infrastructure like power grids, water systems and roadways.

Strengthening of Tropical Cyclones

The main contributing factor to the strengthening of a tropical cyclone is the warmth of the ocean. Warmer waters mean more intense storms, which is why most Atlantic hurricanes do the most damage in the Caribbean, Gulf Coast and Southeast United States, and are often downgraded to tropical storms or depressions by the time they reach the Northeast United States and Canadian Maritimes. It also means that as ocean temperatures rise throughout the years, we will continue to see more and more tropical cyclones developing into tropical storms and hurricanes.

Impacts of Tropical Cyclones

The impacts of a tropical cyclone can vary depending on its intensity, size, forward speed, and the geographical location it affects. Tropical depressions can bring heavy rainfall and localized flooding, posing risks to life and property. Tropical storms can cause more significant flooding, increase the potential for landslides, and also generate strong wind gusts capable of damaging structures and vegetation. Hurricanes, being the strongest stage, have the potential to unleash catastrophic damage. Their powerful winds can destroy buildings, uproot trees, and cause widespread power outages. The storm surge, a rise in sea level caused by the hurricane’s winds and low atmospheric pressure, can flood coastal areas and cause coastal erosion. Additionally, the tremendous rainfall associated with hurricanes can result in life-threatening flash floods and mudslides.

How Do Tropical Storms & Hurricanes Move?

Tropical storms and hurricanes move due to a combination of several atmospheric and oceanic factors:

• Steering Winds: The primary factor is the surrounding atmospheric winds, particularly the trade winds and the prevailing westerlies. In the tropics, trade winds, which blow from east to west, generally push the storms westward, and as they move further north, they often encounter westerly winds that steer them eastward and back out to sea, where they eventually dissipate in the cooler waters of the northern Atlantic.
• Coriolis Effect: The rotation of the Earth also influences the path of tropical storms and hurricanes. The Coriolis effect causes hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere to curve to the “right,” or eastward, and is also the cause of the general counterclockwise rotation (in the Northern Hemisphere) of the storm itself.
• Pressure Systems: High and low-pressure systems also play a role in the movement of tropical storms and hurricanes, as they tend to move towards areas of lower pressure. High-pressure systems can act as a barrier, blocking a hurricane’s path and causing it to alter course.
• Ocean Currents: While not as influential as atmospheric winds, ocean currents can also affect a storm’s path, especially when combined with a prevailing wind or low-pressure system moving the storm in the same direction the current is travelling.

The combination of these factors determines the specific track and speed of a tropical storm or hurricane, which is why the exact path of a storm is difficult to predict and why forecasters and meteorological models often give conflicting reports about where a given storm is headed.

How Weather Instruments Help You Stay Prepared & Informed

The most valuable instruments in helping you stay informed and prepared for hurricanes are barometers and anemometers that include wind direction readings, as atmospheric pressure and wind speeds are the main driving factors of a storm’s strength and path. For example, if you live in an area where it is unclear whether or not you are in the path of a storm, those two instruments can help give you a better idea of he track of the storm. If you have a barometer at home and see the atmospheric pressure drop in your area, it is more likely the storm will head your way, whereas the opposite is true if the pressure rises. Measuring wind speed and direction can help in the same way, as strong prevailing winds can push the storm towards, or away from, your location.

Tide clocks can also help you better prepare for a storm in a coastal area, as damage from storm surges will be far greater if a storm makes landfall at high tide vs. low tide. For example, a storm with a five-foot surge that hits an area where tides have a four-foot range would cause the sea level to rise by seven-feet above the mean if it makes landfall at high tide, and only three feet above the mean if it makes landfall at low tide, which would result in drastic differences in the amount of flooding in the area.

In addition, an instrument like a rain gauge, while not useful for predicting a storm’s path or intensity, is helpful in determining how much rain fell in your specific location during a storm. Rainfall amounts can vary widely in different across the diameter of the tropical cyclone and reports in the aftermath of a storm often only include averages.

To learn more about these different types of weather instruments and stations, visit our linked product pages or feel free to contact us. To learn more about different types of storms, click here to read our article on winter storms.

The post Tropical Depressions, Tropical Storms & Hurricanes: What’s the Difference? appeared first on Maximum Weather Instruments.

What is a Heatwave?

A heatwave is defined as a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which is often accompanied by high levels of humidity. Depending on the intensity – low, severe or extreme – heatwaves can be dangerous, as they put people and animals at risk for heat-related illnesses. Let’s go deeper into the different levels of heatwaves below.

Low-Intensity Heatwave

These are periods of hot weather that are above average but not excessively so. They typically do not pose a significant risk to human health or infrastructure but can still be uncomfortable and may affect vulnerable populations. Temperatures are elevated but usually below critical thresholds and they are typically shorter in duration.

Severe Heatwaves

These heatwaves are more intense and prolonged and can pose significant health risks. These are characterized by higher temperatures that are well above the average for the region, lasting for several days to a week or more.

Extreme Heatwaves

These are the most intense and prolonged heatwaves, with temperatures reaching critical levels, often breaking historical records, and lasting for weeks or more. Extreme heatwaves pose severe health risks including a high likelihood of heat-related deaths, widespread disruption of services, potential failure of critical infrastructure, significant agricultural impacts, and serious environmental consequences such as wildfires.

3 Common Heat-Related Illnesses

1. Heat Cramps

Heat cramps are painful, involuntary muscle spasms that occur during or after intense exercise in hot environments. They are often the first sign of heat-related illness.

Heat Cramp Signs:

• Painful muscle spasms, often in the legs, arms, or abdomen
• Heavy sweating during intense exercise

What to Do:

• Stop all activity and sit down in a cool place.
• Hydrate with water or an electrolyte drink.
• Stretch and gently massage the affected muscles.
• Avoid strenuous activity for a few hours after the cramps subside to prevent progression to more serious heat-related illnesses.

2. Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is a more serious condition than heat cramps, resulting from prolonged exposure to high temperatures and inadequate fluid intake. It can lead to heat stroke if not treated promptly.

Heat Exhaustion Signs:

• Heavy sweating
• Weakness or fatigue
• Cold, pale, and clammy skin
• Fast, weak pulse
• Nausea or vomiting
• Muscle cramps
• Dizziness or fainting

What to Do:

• Move to a cooler, air-conditioned environment.
• Lie down and loosen clothing.
• Apply cool, wet cloths to as much of the body as possible.
• Sip water or an electrolyte drink.
• If symptoms persist for more than an hour, or if you have heart problems or high blood pressure, seek medical attention.

3. Heat Stroke

Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat-related illness, occurring when the body can no longer regulate its temperature. It is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated immediately.

Heat Stroke Signs:

• High body temperature (104°F or higher)
• Hot, red, dry, or damp skin
• Rapid, strong pulse
• Throbbing headache
• Dizziness, confusion, or loss of consciousness
• Nausea or vomiting

What to Do:

• Call 911 or seek immediate medical assistance.
• Move the person to a cooler environment.
• Reduce the person’s body temperature with cool cloths or a cool bath. Do not give fluids if the person is unconscious.
• Use whatever means available to cool the person rapidly (e.g., cool, wet cloths, a cool bath, spraying with a garden hose).
• Monitor the person’s temperature and continue cooling efforts until medical help arrives.

Heatwave Preparedness Checklis (3 Considerations)

1. Cooling and Ventilation

Air Conditioning:

• Ensure your air conditioning unit is serviced and in good working order.
• Clean or replace air filters regularly.
• Have backup plans for power outages, such as battery-operated fans or a generator.

Fans:

• Use ceiling fans or portable fans to circulate air.
• Create cross-ventilation by opening windows on opposite sides of the home during cooler parts of the day.

Windows and Shades:

• Install or use blinds, shades, or curtains to block out direct sunlight.
• Apply reflective window film to reduce heat gain.

2. Hydration, Nutrition & Health

Water Supply:

• Stock up on bottled water and ensure you have an adequate supply.
• Encourage everyone in the household to drink water regularly, even if they don’t feel thirsty.

Hydrating Foods:

• Keep a supply of fruits and vegetables high in water content, such as cucumbers, watermelon, and oranges.
• Avoid heavy meals and opt for lighter, cooler options.

Health Supplies:

• Have a first aid kit readily available.
• Store medications in a cool, dry place and ensure they are within their expiration dates.
• Know the signs of heat-related illnesses and the appropriate first aid measures.

3. Electronics and Appliances

Power Management:

• Avoid using heat-generating appliances (e.g., oven, stove) during the hottest parts of the day.
• Unplug unnecessary electronics to reduce heat generation and save energy.

Refrigeration:

• Check that your refrigerator and freezer are working efficiently.
• Stock up on ice packs and frozen water bottles to help keep food cool during a power outage.

Why Is a Weather Station Essential for Heatwave Preparedness?

Having a weather station that monitors temperature and humidity is a great way to keep track of the heat and stay ahead of any dangerous situations. In many towns and cities, the temperature reading or forecast from a weather app or website for your location can be many miles away and significantly different than the actual temperature at your house. How much direct sunlight your property gets, wind speeds, proximity to the coast and elevation, among other factors, can significantly impact temperature differences, so having a weather station at home can give you a picture of exactly what to expect outside when you open your front door.

A home weather station can also help you monitor exactly what times of day your property is hottest, and coolest, so you can adjust your air conditioning accordingly and save energy whenever possible. It can also help you pick the best times to be outside if you have a need to go out during a heatwave. Monitoring the temperature and humidity inside your home with a station or instrument can also help you determine how well your air conditioning is working, when to turn it on, and when it’s safe to turn off and conserve energy.

The post Heatwave Preparedness: Monitoring Extreme Temperatures appeared first on Maximum Weather Instruments.

How Do Winter Storms Form?

Winter storms form when cold and warm air meet. This usually occurs in areas with big temperature differences. The collision of the air masses causes instability in the atmosphere, which leads to the formation of clouds and precipitation. The intensity and duration of these storms depend on factors like moisture levels, wind dynamics, and atmospheric pressure.

5 Common Types of Winter Storms

Now that you understand how winter storms are formed, let’s explore the different types of winter storms and their defining characteristics.

1. Snowstorm

A snowstorm is a broad term used to describe any winter weather event where a significant amount of snow falls over a given area. Snowstorms can vary in intensity and duration, ranging from light flurries that dust the ground to heavy snowfalls that accumulate several inches or even feet of snow. Like any form of precipitation, snow forms when moisture is present in the air, and the air becomes saturated with moisture. For snow to form instead of rain, the air temperature must be cold enough to cause the excess moisture to form ice crystals instead of water droplets. Those ice crystals become the initial building blocks for snowflakes, and when enough of them have accumulated together to form snowflakes heavy enough for gravity to pull them to earth, we experience snowfall.

The impact of a snowstorm depends on factors such as temperature, wind speed, and moisture content. For example, heavy, wet snow can lead to downed trees and branches, power outages, and infrastructure damage due to the weight of it accumulating, also making it more difficult to shovel and plow. Light, fluffy snow, on the other hand, is typically less disruptive, but can cause issues with visibility and form large snow drifts if the snow is accompanied by strong winds.

2. Blizzard

A blizzard is a formidable winter storm characterized by strong winds, low temperatures, and reduced visibility due to blowing snow. The defining feature of a blizzard is sustained winds of at least 35 mph, accompanied by falling or blowing snow that reduces visibility to less than a quarter of a mile for an extended period. The combination of these factors can create extremely hazardous conditions for all forms of transportation due to the disorienting nature of the blowing snow, often referred to as “white-out conditions.”

Blizzards mostly occur in regions with cold climates, such as the northern United States, Canada, and northern Europe, as well as in mountainous regions at high altitudes where colder temperatures and higher winds are common. The severity of a blizzard is determined by wind speed, snowfall rate, and the storm’s duration. For example, one of the most memorable blizzards in history, the Great Blizzard of 1888, didn’t have record-setting levels of snowfall in many places, but the sustained 45 mph winds and 36-hour duration of the storm created enormous snow drifts, the tallest at 52-feet in Brooklyn, NY, paralyzing the Northeast of the US for dayss.

3. Ice Storm

An ice storm occurs when freezing rain falls and coats surfaces with ice, creating hazardous conditions. Unlike snowstorms, where frozen precipitation falls in the form of snowflakes, ice storms pose a unique threat due to the formation of a layer of ice on various surfaces, including roads, power lines, and trees. The weight of the ice can lead to power outages, structural damage, and dangerous travel conditions.

Ice storms often occur in regions where a layer of warm air aloft exists above a sub-freezing layer near the ground. This temperature difference causes precipitation to fall as rain, which then freezes upon contact with the ground or other surfaces. The resulting glaze of ice can be extremely dangerous for both traffic accidents and personal injuries caused by slipping and falling.

4. Lake Effect Storm

A lake effect storm is a type of winter storm that occurs when cold air passes over a warmer lake, causing localized heavy snowfall in the downwind areas. This phenomenon is common around the Great Lakes in North America, where cold Arctic air interacts with the relatively warmer waters of the lakes. The temperature contrast leads to intense snow showers and squalls in specific regions.

Lake effect storms are known for their ability to produce copious amounts of snow over a short period, resulting in rapid accumulations. The snowfall can be highly localized, with significant variations in amounts just a short distance away from the affected areas.

5. Bomb Cyclone

A bomb cyclone, also known as bombogenesis, is a rapidly intensifying extratropical cyclone characterized by a significant drop in atmospheric pressure. Typically occurring in colder weather conditions, bomb cyclones are rapidly intensifying low-pressure systems in which the atmospheric pressure drops by at least 24 millibars within 24 hours, leading to strong and potentially damaging winds. The term “bomb cyclone” is derived from the explosive deepening of the storm’s central pressure, and they most commonly develop along the East Coast of North America and in the North Atlantic in colder months.

While they can theoretically form in any season, the temperature contrast between cold polar air masses and warmer air masses to the south tends to be more pronounced in the winter, providing favorable conditions for the development of these intense storm systems. They are notorious for their ability to bring about extreme weather conditions, including blizzard-like conditions and coastal storm surges.

Key Insights on Winter Storms

Winter storms present a diverse array of weather phenomena that challenge communities around the world. Understanding the distinct characteristics of each type of winter storm is crucial for effective preparation and response. Having the right instruments to measure different aspects of the weather, and track their changes, can be a great way to stay informed and ahead of the weather reporting on the local news. Learn more about our weather instruments and stations here, or continue reading about weather phenomena in our learning center.

The post What Are the Different Types of Winter Storms? appeared first on Maximum Weather Instruments.

What is an Aneroid Barometer?

An aneroid barometer is a type of instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. The name “aneroid” comes from the Greek words “a-” meaning ‘without’ and “nēros” meaning ‘liquid’. This name came about because all previous barometers used either mercury or water to measure changes in pressure. The invention of the aneroid barometer in 1844 by French scientist Lucien Vidi was a significant advancement from the traditional mercury barometer, as it is smaller, more portable, and more durable.

How to Read an Aneroid Barometer

One of the key elements in understanding how a barometer works is knowing how to read it correctly. This requires paying attention to both the current air pressure and whether it is rising or falling. Steady or increasing high pressure usually signals clear and stable weather, while a sudden drop can indicate warmer temperatures with cloud cover. When pressure is within the normal range and holding steady, significant changes are unlikely, but a gradual decrease may bring subtle shifts in conditions. A sharp drop in normal pressure often means rain is on the way. Low pressure that remains unchanged or begins to rise often brings cooler temperatures and less cloud cover, while falling low pressure suggests rain is likely, and a rapid decline can indicate an approaching storm.

Aneroid, Mercury, and Digital Barometers: How Do Different Barometers Work?

All barometers are tools used to measure atmospheric pressure, and they come in three major types. While aneroid and mercury barometers have been used for centuries and operate without external power, digital barometers represent modern advancements in pressure measurement. Each type functions differently, with unique advantages depending on the application. If you’ve ever wondered, “how does a barometer work?”, the answer depends on the type of barometer being used—whether mechanical or digital.

• Mercury Barometer: Mercury barometers use a vertical glass tube which contains the mercury, and changes in the pressure cause the mercury to rise and fall within the tube, which is marked to indicate the corresponding atmospheric pressure.
• Digital Barometer:  Digital barometers use electronic sensors to detect atmospheric pressure and display the readings digitally. These sensors provide real-time, highly precise pressure measurements and are often found in weather stations, smartphones, GPS devices, and aviation systems.
• Aneroid Barometer: Unlike mercury and digital barometers, aneroid barometers do not use liquid or electronic components to measure pressure. Instead, they rely on a flexible, sealed metal chamber that expands and contracts with changes in atmospheric pressure. The mechanics behind this process will be explored in more detail later in the post.

What Causes Air Pressure to Change?

The key factor behind air pressure changes is temperature. Warm air is lighter because its molecules move faster and are spread out. Cooler air is denser because its molecules move slower and are closer together.

So, when it’s warm, there’s lower air pressure because the air is lighter. When it’s cool, there’s higher air pressure because the air is denser.

How Do Aneroid Barometers Work Without Liquid?

Aneroid barometers use a small metal box, known as an aneroid cell, which is designed to expand and contract with changes in atmospheric pressure. The aneroid cell consists of a thin, flexible metal capsule that is usually made of brass or an alloy of beryllium and copper. The cell has most of the air pumped out of it so that when the atmospheric pressure changes around it, the pressure inside the cell will also change, causing the capsule to expand or contract. To measure the expansion and contraction of the cell a mechanical linkage, including a spring, converts the movements of the capsule into the motion of a pointer on a dial, indicating the changes in atmospheric pressure.

The design of aneroid barometers is highly precise and requires meticulous calibration when manufactured to ensure accuracy. By adjusting the tension in the spring that connects the aneroid cell to the mechanical linkage, the barometer can be calibrated to provide highly accurate pressure readings for many years, as long as they are stored in a suitable environment. Because they are self-powered with nothing but mechanical parts, they can be serviced, will never experience any sort of power failure, and can be moved around throughout their lifespan from room to room or house to house.

Aneroid Barometer vs. Mercury Barometer

Aneroid and mercury barometers have a lot in common in that they are both used to measure atmospheric pressure, they’re both centuries-old technology, and neither require external power. However, there are several key differences between the two. Mercury barometers use a vertical glass tube which contains the mercury, and changes in the pressure cause the mercury to rise and fall within the tube, which is marked to indicate the corresponding atmospheric pressure.

Safety & Stability

One of the biggest benefits of aneroid barometers is that they do not contain hazardous materials like mercury, which is highly toxic and poses a severe environmental risk if a mercury barometer leaks or its glass tube breaks. An aneroid barometer uses nothing but metal and mechanical components, so there is no potential danger or risk associated with them. This is also why very few mercury barometers are still manufactured in the world, and most available are antiques.

Portability & Durability

One of the key advantages of aneroid barometers is their portability. Due to being self-powered as well as their small size and lack of liquid, they are easy to transport and can be used in various locations. Because the mechanism is all mechanical and has no glass components, they are also less likely to break than a mercury barometer. This makes them popular among meteorologists, hikers, pilots, and other outdoor enthusiasts who need to monitor atmospheric pressure while on the move. Mercury barometers are typically larger, heavier, and of course pose the risk of breaking and leaking when they are moved.

Conclusion

Aneroid barometers are a versatile and reliable way to measure atmospheric pressure. The design, which eliminates the need for liquid, makes them durable, portable and easily serviced or calibrated. With their ability to provide accurate and real-time pressure readings, aneroid barometers continue to play a crucial role in understanding and predicting changes in the atmosphere and are used by meteorologists worldwide. To learn more about atmospheric pressure and how barometers work, explore all of our articles and videos on the subject here, or feel free to contact us with any questions.

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Is Art a Good Investment?

Art has always been a controversial topic when it comes to investment, with some people believing it’s an excellent way to grow your money and others viewing it as a risky option with no guaranteed return. Here are certain factors that should be taken into account.

• Artwork needs to be carefully chosen. It must have an intrinsic value beyond a purely financial one.
• Do your research. Verifying its origin is critical to its authenticity.
• There are associated costs such as framing, storage, and insurance.
• Understand the difference between originals, prints/copies, and reproductions as they differ in value.
• It should be seen as a long-term investment rather than something that can provide quick returns.

Ultimately, artwork is a unique asset that provides many possibilities for savvy investors who know their stuff. It’s a great way to diversify your portfolio and minimize risk since it doesn’t follow the trends of the stock market. So to keep your investment safe, let’s go over a few tips on how to keep it in great condition.

8 Tips for Storing Artwork

1. Protect Artwork from Moisture

Moisture can easily damage a piece of art, especially if it is a painting or work on paper.  If art is stored in a home the temperature and humidity levels should be controlled to reduce the risk of damage. The ideal humidity level for art storage is around 40-60% and the ideal temperature is around 70 °F to 75 °F during summer and 65 °F to 70 °F during winter. Using a hygrometer and or thermometer to measure the inherent moisture and temperature inside an enclosed space is highly recommended.

2. Avoid Direct Sunlight

One of the main reasons why paintings deteriorate is exposure to sunlight, especially direct sunlight. That is due to the chemical reaction of most painting mediums to ultraviolet radiation.

Oil and acrylics can be resilient with minimal exposure, but it is not worth the gamble. The colors in an oil painting can lighten in the sunlight and darken when stored in complete darkness. Watercolor is the most sensitive and can fade fast, as can photos and other works on paper even if encased in UV plexiglass.

3. Store Art in a Cool, Dry, Dark Place

The ideal place to store your art is a cool, dry, and dark place where minimal temperature fluctuations happen. Blackout curtains can be used to cover windows and other sources of light.

4. Do Not Clean Paintings

Because paintings are extremely sensitive to moisture, there is no way to clean them with water and soap, no matter how gentle the cleaning solution is. The most effective way to clean a dusty painting is to use a soft duster with gentle strokes to avoid chipping any cracked paint flakes. 

5. Keep Glass or Acrylics Squeaky Clean

Dust glass and acrylic cases regularly so they do not accumulate dirt and grime. If it cannot be avoided, use a gentle glass cleaner with a soft microfiber cloth making sure moisture does not penetrate the frame.

6. Keep Stored Artwork Separated

Storing multiple unframed pieces flat to save storage space is perfectly acceptable. Use a conservation matboard that is at least two inches bigger on each side of the artwork in between each piece to avoid unwanted chemical reactions, acidic damage, and creasing.

7. Do Not Leave Your Art in a Tube

It is not recommended to store paintings rolled inside a tube as it can cause cracking and permanent creasing later. Storing pieces flat is always the best bet if framing and hanging are not going to be immediate.

8. Handle With Care

The natural oil from hands can also damage artwork. Cotton gloves are recommended when handling artwork and will prevent fingerprints that are not fully dried.

Final Thoughts

Storing fine art doesn’t have to be a daunting task. With the proper amount of preventive steps, you can ensure that your artwork will stand the test of time. Maximum weather instruments can help play a critical role in keeping artwork from being damaged. Our temperature and humidity instruments can monitor indoor or outdoor conditions to create the perfect storage atmosphere for any artwork, and their timeless and classic design won’t detract from the beauty of any nearby artwork.

The post Fine Art Storage: How to Properly Store Your Art Collection appeared first on Maximum Weather Instruments.

The customization process starts with the logo or message provided by the customer and a digital proof is created.  This proof is reviewed, and any changes needed can be made.  Once the proof is approved the panel is laser etched and delivered in 7-10 days.   

Perfectly suited for wedding gifts, retirement, graduation, birthday, business, or any special occasion.  Some example are below of custom panels Maximum has produced for customers.

For any customized needs, please contact Claude Raposo – claude@imtra.com 508-995-2200

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Predictor is a versatile, accurate meteorological grade barometer capable of tracking air pressure changes in a functional and informative presentation. It is a must have for any home weather enthusiast. Check it out here

The post How to Set & Operate a Predictor Barometer appeared first on Maximum Weather Instruments.

Worker Safety Regulations

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has weather guidelines that require a business to maintain a safe working environment through extreme heat, cold, or natural hazards. Whether on a job site located outside, in a factory, or in a building, it is the responsibility of the employer to adhere to OSHA safety guidelines and make the necessary preparations to protect employees. Failure to adhere to OSHA guidelines can endanger employees, resulting in huge fines, shutdowns, and unemployment.

How Does Weather Affect Construction and Construction Workers?

There are several weather-related risks that face individuals throughout every workplace, including extreme heat, extreme cold, and severe weather.

• Extreme Heat. High temperatures, combined with high humidity, create extremely dangerous working conditions that lead to thousands of heatstrokes and numerous deaths each year.  
• Keep construction equipment out of the sun. This can make a significant impact on lowering temperatures. For example, when equipment is not being used, leaving it outside, may cause parts to be damaged. Moving the equipment into a storage room or shaded area will shield it from direct heat, leaving it less likely to break down from exposure. Shielding equipment with tarps can also reduce direct heat exposure.
• Avoid using equipment during peak hours. During the hours from 10 am – 3 pm, the sun is most intense and engines or radiators for heavy equipment are more likely to overheat or get damaged.  
• Extreme Cold. Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia, frostbite, and even death. Working during harsh winter conditions can also lead to serious injury due to slipping, overexertion, or complications during travel. 
• Building Collapse. Concrete does not dry as well in cold weather. In fact, concrete is more likely to freeze before it dries, which will weaken it permanently. As a result, a building could collapse as construction workers are trying to work on it.
• Mistakes in Judgment. Extreme cold can have a disorientating effect on people. A cold construction worker could make a mistake that they otherwise wouldn’t if they were sufficiently warm. 
• Slip and Falls. Surfaces become slick in cold weather. Rainwater can freeze when temperatures drop after a storm. Consequently, workers can slip and fall on the same level or from a height. Slip and falls can also be caused by snow, sleet, or ice.
• Motor Vehicle Accidents. Slick road conditions also lead to crashes as vehicles skid and fail to stop. There are many large vehicles operating at a construction job site, from forklifts to cement trucks. Any one of these vehicles could go out of control and crash into a construction worker.
• Adequate Protection for Construction Workers in the Cold. Though cold weather is unavoidable, employers still retain responsibility for trying to mitigate some of the worst effects of cold weather. 
• Severe Weather.  Businesses are required to prepare for storms, high winds, and lightning that will make outdoor work and travel dangerous and are suggested to cease all nonemergency work during these events.

Benefits of a Construction Site Weather Station

There are many benefits to installing an on-site weather monitoring system, including improved worker safety, cost reduction, increased job efficiency, and increased worker satisfaction. 

When the weather is monitored at a construction site, working conditions are safer because activities can be suspended during dangerous winds. Weather forecasts provide a general outlook, but you have no way to predict a sudden gust of wind-based on them.  Weather monitoring also prevents damage to the project itself since components that are easily blown away can be secured.

Final Thoughts

Installing an advanced on-site weather monitoring system is one of the most important improvements that can be made to protect employees from inevitable natural dangers. Whether outside or in a building, it is the responsibility of the employer to adhere to safety guidelines and make the necessary preparations to protect employees from conditions like extreme heat or cold, high winds, or severe weather.

If you’re interested in commercial weather stations and weather instruments for the construction site, contact our sales representatives today and we’ll be happy to assist or answer any questions!

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